矮化技术在花卉栽培中的应用
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">随着花卉产业的发展,小型化、紧凑型的盆花、盆景越来越爱到人们的喜爱,因而花卉的矮化技术也越来越受到重视。下面笔者将对矮化技术在花卉中的应用做一简单概述:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 一、栽培矮化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">1.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">无性繁殖采用嫁接、扦插、压条等无性繁殖方法都可以达到矮化效果,使开花阶段缩短,植株高度降低,株型紧凑。嫁接可以通过选用矮化品种来达到矮化。扦插可从考虑扦插时间来确定植株高度,如菊花在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月下旬扦插可达到矮化而控制倒伏。另外,用含蕾扦插法可使株形高大的大丽花植于直径十几厘米的盆内,株高仅尺许且花大色艳。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">2.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">整形修剪通过整形修剪,在植株年幼时去掉主枝促其萌发侧枝,再剪去过多的长得不好的侧枝,以达到株型丰满,植株低矮,提高观赏性。月季、一串红、杜鹃、观叶花卉等修剪多采用此法来进行矮化。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">3.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制施肥对盆栽花卉适时施磷、钾肥,少施氮肥,控制植株营养生长,达到矮化。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">4.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">人工曲干人工扭曲枝干,使植株运输通道受阻,减慢植株生长速度,达到花卉株型低矮。一般在小型盆景的制作中应用较多。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">5.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其他其他矮化方法如菊花采用脚芽繁殖来达到矮化,水仙通过针刺、雕刻破坏生长点来进行矮化等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 二、使用生长调节剂高品质的盆花要求株型矮小、紧凑,茎部粗壮,花繁叶茂,仅采用栽培手段进行矮化还远远不够,要辅以激素类物质来抑制植株生长达到矮化。常用的激素类物质包括多效唑(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">PP333</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、缩节胺(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">DPC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">B9</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、矮壮素(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">CCC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)等。试验证明:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">1.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">40ppm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">80ppm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">PP333</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作用于一串红植株,可以使其节间变短,叶面积变小,叶色加深,从而改变一串红株高茎细,花叶稀疏,脱脚严重的现象,提高观赏价值。此外,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">PP333</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在金鱼草、菊花等花卉矮化上也常采用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">2.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">100ppm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">DPC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处理一串红植株,可使植株高度降低</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">26</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">%,并且茎节变短,分枝数增多,观赏性提高。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">3.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">1500ppm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">6000ppm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">B9</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可抑制牵牛花的营养生长,使其在营养生长期矮化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">61.5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">%至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">67</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">%,盛花期矮化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">40.5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">%至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">46.4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">%,从而使株型矮小,枝叶紧凑,开花集中。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">4.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">2500ppm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">10000ppm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">CCC</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">抑制矮牵牛花的营养生长,可使其株型矮化,提高观赏性。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 三、辐射处理有些花卉,还可以通过辐射处理来改变植株的生长状况,从而达到矮化。例如:用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">r</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">射线处理水仙鳞茎,可控制水仙生长,矮化水仙植株。用钴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">60</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处理美人蕉,可以使美人蕉高度降低</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">30</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt">50</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">厘米,提高观赏价值。</SPAN></P>
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